Pathophysiology and Pharmacognosy

Question: Discuss about the Pathophysiology and Pharmacognosy. Answer: Pathophysiology Abscess An abscess is the accumulation of pus cells that is formed within the tissue of the body parts (Rudolph and Koch 2016, p. 215,249). It is known to the reaction that is defensive in nature. It swells and forms boils like structure with filling of some fluid. They are generally caused by the infection by the bacteria. The most common bacteria that creates abscess is Staphylococcus aureus. Cytokines are released as a result of the activity by the bacteria. It collects several numbers of white blood cells and increases the flow of the blood. On spreading the infection, it can lead to the death of the regional tissue and helps in developing swelling, pain and fever with chills. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is also known as blood cancer. It is generally caused due to the overproduction and the accumulation of carcogenic white blood cells, also known as lymphoblasts. It is produced from the bone marrow and can also inhibit the production of the normal cells in the body (Inaba, Greaves, and Mullighan 2013, p. 15-19). Cancer is generally caused by the mutation in the DNA fragments that leads to the uncontrolled cell division Mutation can also caused due to the formation of fusion genes and the dysregulation of proto-oncogene, like T-cell receptor. Leukemia also develops due to the over exposure to radiation. Other factors that can cause acute lymphoblastic leukemia like chemicals, radiations or some drugs. Acute Myeloid Leukemia Acute Myeloid Leukemia is typical type of cancer that is formed from the myloid line of blood cells that is being characterized by the rapid abnormal growth of white blood cells that forms the bone marrow and interferes within the production of normal blood cells (Johansson and Harrison 2015, p. 30-35). Myeloblast is the malignant cell in acuteness of myelid leukemia. Myeloid is an immature form of myeloblast, which develops into a normal white blood cell. This myeloids are being arrested during its development, gets arrested in cell division process, but if any cell fails to get arrested they can lead to the acute myeloid condition. But a single myeloid cell cannot cause cancer alone it gets combined with the other mutation factors that disrupts the genes that controls proliferation, and leads to the uncontrolled growth of the cell followed by AML. Aetiology The term aetiology derived from the Greek term, which means the causes of the disease. The series of the investigations and the causes by which a disease can be differentiated and be recognized is called Aetiology (Osman et al. 2016, p. 389-390). Aetiology can also be stated as the science that focuses with the reasons, origins or some factors that contributes or predispose towards that particular disease Afterload Afterload can be defined as the pressure that is exerted by the walls of the left ventricle during the ejection of the blood. The greater the pressure on the pulmonary valve the more of pressure exerted on the left side of the walls. It is the pressure that the walls of the heart generate for ejection of the blood for circulating throughout the body parts (Mullin et al. 2016, p. 40-45). The increase in pressure also increases the pressure in the walls of the left ventricle of the heart. Afterload also increases the blood pressure and the aortic valve disease. Systemic hypertension increases the afterload of the left ventricular for working more on the the ejection of the blood into the aorta. Pulmonary hypertension increases in the right part of the heart that connects the lungs. This develops the afterload that is dedicated to the right part of the heart which is divided by the intra-ventricular septum. Pharmacognosy Absorption The process by which the atoms or the molecules gets absorbed to any particular substance or gets soaked or being blotted is called absorption (Somani et al. 2014, p. 29-35). In pharmacognosy, absorption refers to the movement of the molecules of a particular drug in the bloodstream. The drug need to be administered by the same route and the dosage need to be remain specific. Drugs can be administered by oral, tropical-dermal etc in the form of tablet, solution or capsule. The mechanism of drug absorption can be of Simple or Passive diffusion, filtration, active transport and facilitated diffusion and pinocytosis. It then moves by the following process to the site of the action. Acidic Drug Acidic drug are the type of drugs which contains the acidic components in it. It is one of the most fundamental for the action of the drugs. They have a proper ionization state that is established in a proper prospective manner of the design (Tripathi et al, 2014, p. 11-15). Acidic drug is required by the human body because to support the digestive system by helping the stomach by giving the support during the process of digestive system. Activase Activase is a medication created by Genentech, a Roche Group member who demonstrated for the treatment of intense Ischemic Stroke. It is being produced by both Genentech and autonomous growth inquire about activities as a treatment for specific sorts of disease with promising yet up 'til now uncertain outcomes. Activase is also considered as the tissue plasminogen activator that is produced by the recombination of DNA. It is produced in a sterile condition, purified glycoprotein of five twenty-seven amino acids. It is also being synthesized using a complementary DNA for the activator of plasminogen for natural human tissue (Phillips, Batlivala and Knudson 2015, p. 1428-1429). The activator of the plasminogen is obtained from the melanoma cell line from the human tissue. It is considered as a sterile and has a lyophillized power for the administration by intravenous in a form of injection mixed with sterile water. Active Transport The movement of the molecules or the ions across the membranes of the cell from the region of the low concentration to the region of high concentration, in against the direction of the gradient by the usage of kinetic energy and the natural entropy of the molecules that is moving against the gradient is known as Active transport (Very et al. 2014, p. 748-750). Active transport is an essential component in the field of pharmacognosy as the drugs that being implemented inside the tissue of the humans, the drugs will need to flow against the normal gradient. Therefore the transport of the drugs from one part of tne body to the other will require kinetic energy. Adaptive Immunity The immunity that is acquired by any individual composed of highly specialized, systemic cells that possesses the elimination of pathogen for the prevention of their growth. It is a sub system of the overall immune system (Iwasaki and Medzhitov 2015, p. 36-39). The cells that take part in the adaptive immune system are the B and the T cell. They are being derived from the specific types of stem cells known as multi-potent hematopoietic stem cell present in the bone marrow. Reference List: Inaba, H., Greaves, M. and Mullighan, C.G., 2013. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The Lancet, 381(9881), pp.1943-1955. Iwasaki, A. and Medzhitov, R., 2015. Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system. Nature immunology, 16(4), pp.343-353. Johansson, B. and Harrison, C.J., 2015. Acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cytogenetics: Chromosomal and Molecular Genetic Aberrations of Tumor Cells, Fourth Edition, pp.62-125. Mullin, C.J., Tedford, R., Corona-Villalobos, C.P., Zimmerman, S.L., Kamel, I.R., Kolb, T., Damico, R.L., Kass, D.A., Hassoun, P.M. and Mathai, S.C., 2016. Right Ventricular End-Systolic Regional Wall Stress Is Associated With Invasive Measures Of Right Ventricular Afterload. In B96. HUNGRY HEART: RV FUNCTION IN PH (pp. A4303-A4303). American Thoracic Society. Osman, N.I., Chapple, C.R., Abrams, P., Dmochowski, R., Haab, F., Nitti, V., Koelbl, H., van Kerrebroeck, P. and Wein, A.J., 2014. Detrusor underactivity and the underactive bladder: a new clinical entity? A review of current terminology, definitions, epidemiology, aetiology, and diagnosis.European urology,65(2), pp.389-398. Phillips, S.B., Batlivala, S. and Knudson, J.D., 2015. Unusual cause of aborted sudden cardiac death in a teen athlete: homozygosity for the 4G allele of the plasminogen activase inhibitor type 1 gene.Cardiology in the Young,25(07), pp.1428-1430. 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