U.S.Involvement in the Vietnam War and the Effects Today Essay

U.S.Involvement in the Vietnam War and the Effects Today - Essay Example U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War got initial support from the Vietnam government, but later, the government opposed the involvement of United States in the war. Demonstrations opposing the United States involvement in the Vietnam War began in 1964 up to 1970. When John F Kennedy appeared in office, for his first year, he drafted a plan, which clearly depicted the chief objective of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. The main objective of the involvement was to prevent domination of communists in South Vietnam; in order to create a viable, democratic society (Hall 8). The United States aimed at achieving this objective through military, economic, and political support. The United States also wanted to spread their capitalist ideologies. There were different reasons for opposing the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. One of the reasons was opposition to the draft. The draft threatened low and middle class registrants (Hall 12). Those opposing the draft argued that the draft did not represent them fairly. Apart from the opposition of the draft, protestors made moral influence against U.S. involvement in Vietnam War. The moral argument was mostly opinions of American college students. The students opposed the U.S. involvement and termed it as immoral due to the number of civilian deaths, encountered in the war. Another opposing element against U.S. involvement was that the threat of communism by the United States was not legally justifiable. The U.S. withdrew its military in August 1973. In the Vietnam War, I learnt that, involvement of the United States in the war was opposed by the Vietnam government and some Americans. The chief reason for opposing the U.S. involvement in the war was due to the effects that the war left (Kissinger 32). There was immense loss of life; involving American troops, Vietnam soldiers and Vietnam civilians. This led to a high number of casualties. It is estimated that 58,148 were killed in Vietnam; 75,000 disabled

Romeos Diary about Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeos Diary about Juliet Essay At the youth of the day I stirred lazily from my deep, blissful sleep. Her warm and comfortable bed nestled me in lovingly, and with every breath I took, I felt more and more content. I didnt need to worry about anything right now. I didnt have a care in the world. Sleeping next to my beloved Juliet made me think I was still dreaming. I smiled in my sleep, I had never felt as happy before as I did there in her bed, with her skin on mine, her arms and legs wrapped all around me. The wind whistling outside and the lark singing woke me from my sleep. My marriage with Juliet was sweeter than the sweetest honey from any blossom. Juliets face glowed brighter than the crimson flower gardens of spring; the glisten in her eyes would make the summer sun shy away in shame; her dress was whiter than the fields of glimmering snowflakes in winter. A holy ceremony took place, and Juliet and I swore to bind together as one. Nothing could possibly go astray on this heavenly day, I thought. But I was wrong. As I heard the lark singing I had to go and live or stay and die. So left my angel Juliet in the early morning, when the sun had not yet shone too brightly from the east. Then disaster reared its ugly head. It directed me to the violent exchange of words between Mercutio, my good friend, and Tybalt, my dear cousin, two gentlemen who would not have been hurt if not for my existence, yet both have now left this world. When they put out their weapons, the fiery emission of rage between them was unstoppable. I went in between them in hope of ending the brawl, but as the stars would have it, the brawl did end at the abrupt end of Mercutios life. At the blink of an eye, he lost his concentration, and Tybalts weapon pierced deeply into my dear friends chest. Scarlet blood pumped out of the fatal wound. O insensitive heavens, o malevolent stars! Wherefore did fate not let it stop there? My passion for revenge took over, and my cousin was slain in my hands. O I am fortunes fool! It is too late to regret my actions, yet I can do nothing else! Mercutio was killed under my arm, Tybalt by my sword, and Juliets heart, broken by my thoughtless actions. I am an appalling friend, but a worse husband. How may I live my life as a murderer, and a disgrace to Verona? Worst of all, how may I live without my sweet Juliet? Life is meaningless without the radiant angel by my side. O Juliet, I would ask thou to forgive me, but how may thou forgive me if I do not forgive myself? O cruel Tybalt, why did you not take me with you? And if you had slain me, I would not have to suffer these vile consequences! The day, which began with my happiest morning, concludes with black fate haunting my life. O, the envious world is cruel! O Heavens, would you give a thirsty gentleman one small sip of water, then take it away from him? Wherefore do you give me Juliet if you must separate us? I feel terribly guilty and helpless.

Sophocles Philoctetes Essay -- Sophocles Philoctetes Essays

Sophocles' Philoctetes â€Å"No word. Then I am nothing† (950) â€Å"Who will say word of greeting to me?† (1354) In his lecture Oedipus at the Crossroads, Simon Goldhill addresses the idea that the incest between mother and son results in the collapse not only of the characters, but of language itself: or rather, of the language the characters use to express their despair. The fact that Oedipus stumbles on the words â€Å"Daughter, sister†¦Ã¢â‚¬  reflects this breakdown of language. In Sophocles’ Philoctetes, there is a similar sense of shattered language, but here it is more a case of being abandoned by language, of language and civilisation being so intrinsic to each other that being left behind by one implies being left behind by both. The Chorus’s description of what they imagine Philoctetes’s solitary existence to be like reflects this: â€Å"He cries out in his wretchedness;/there is only a blabbering echo,/that comes from the distance speeding/from his bitter crying†(187), using lack of dialogue to represent his solitude. Similarly, it is significant th at it is not distinct words that announce Philoctetes’s approach the first time he comes on stage, but rather â€Å"the voice of a man wounded† and â€Å"a bitter cry† (209,210). And it is no coincidence that upon meeting Neoptolemus, Philoctetes’ greeting becomes an insistent, repetitive cry: â€Å"Take pity on me; speak to me; speak/ speak if you come as friends. / No—answer me/ If this is all/ that we can have from one another, speech, this, at least, we should have† (230). Just as, when Odysseus’ plan has been revealed and the men are preparing to leave, Philoctetes’ supplication is â€Å"Your voice has no word for me, son of Achilles? / Will you go away in silence?†(1065). Speech is equated with pity, di... ...sation. The Chicago version of this passage reads: â€Å"Farewell [†¦] the deep male growl of the sea-lashed headland [†¦] where many a time in answer to my crying in the storm of my sorrow the Hermes mountain sent its echo!† (1460) while in the Francklin version he states, perhaps more aptly (as his passiveness is felt much more), â€Å"Farewell the noise of beating waves, which I so oft have heard from the rough sea [†¦]Oft th' Hermaean mount Echoed my plaintive voice†. In both cases there is a keen sense of release, of breaking free, of the relief of knowing that one’s words will bear fruit to something other than a dim reflection of themselves, that one’s attempts at dialogue will not be met with a wall of silence. It is an ending that resounds with possibility and potential: the world Philoctetes is about to re-enter is a veritable blank page. A â€Å"great destiny† awaits him.

Pie 123

1. External  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger  rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. C. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. remains  constant. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 2. Internal  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger. C. rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 3. External  economies  of  scale A. ay  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. tends  to  result  in  one  huge   monopoly. D. tends  to  result  in  large  profits  for  each  firm. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 4. Internal  economies  of  scale A. may  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. are  associated  only  with  sophisticated  products  such  as  aircraft. D. cannot  form  the  basis  for  international  trade  . E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 5. A  monopolistic  firm A. an  sell  as  much  as  it  wants  for  any  price  it  determines  in  the  market. B. cannot  determine  the  price,  which  is  determined  by  consumer  demand. C. will  never  sell  a  product  whose  demand  is  inelastic  at  the  quantity  sold. D. cannot  sell  additional  quantity  unless  it  raises  the  price  on  eac h  unit. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 7 6. Monopolistic  competition  is  associated  with A. cut-throat  price  competition. B. product  differentiation. C. explicit  consideration  at  firm  level  of  the  feedback  effects  of  other  firms' pricing  decisions. D. high  profit  margins. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 29.Two  countries  engaged  in  trade  in  products  with  no  scale  economies,  produced under  conditions  of  perfect  competition,  are  likely  to  be  engaged  in A. monopolistic  competition. B. inter-industry  trade. C. intra-industry  trade. D. Heckscher-Ohlin  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 19. A  monopoly  firm  engaged  in  international  trade  will A. equate  average  to  local  costs. B. equate  marginal  costs  with  foreign  marginal  revenues. C. equate  marginal  costsà ‚  with  the  highest  price  the  market  will  bear. D. equate  marginal  costs  with  marginal  revenues  in  both  domestic  and  in foreign  markets. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 9. Where  there  are  economies  of  scale,  the  scale  of  production  possible  in  a  country is  constrained  by A. the  size  of  the  country. B. the  size  of  the  trading  partner's  country. C. the  size  of  the  domestic  market. D. the  size  of  the  domestic  plus  the  foreign  market. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D Brown field : , Green field : 21. A  firm  in  monopolistic  competition A. earns  positive  monopoly  profits  because  each  sells  a  differentiated product. B. earns  positive  oligopoly  profits  because  each  firm  sells  a  differentiated product.C. earns  zero  econ omic  profits  because  it  is  in  perfectly  or  pure  competition. D. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  of  free  entry. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 16. International  trade  based  on  scale  economies  is  likely  to  be  associated  with A. Ricardian  comparative  advantage. B. comparative  advantage  associated  with  Heckscher-Ohlin  factor- proportions. C. comparative  advantage  based  on  quality  and  service. D. comparative  advantage  based  on  diminishing  returns. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  E ———————————————Ch7———————————————- . The  effective  rate  of  protection  measures A. the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"true†Ã‚  ad  valorum  v alue  of  a  tariff. B. the  quota  equivalent  value  of  a  tariff. C. the  efficiency  with  which  the  tariff  is  collected  at  the  customhouse. D. the  protection  given  by  the  tariff  to  domestic  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 1. Specific  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  specific  legal  statutes. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. C. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. D. the  same  as  import  quotas. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B . Ad  valorem  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  ads  in  industry  publications. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. A. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. B. the  same  as  import  quotas C. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C The  main  redistribution  effect  of  a  tariff  is  the  transfer  of  income  from A. domestic  producers  to  domestic  buyers. B. domestic  buyers  to  domestic  producers. C. domestic  producers  to  domestic  government. D. domestic  government  to  domestic  consumers. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 21.Which  of  the  following  policies  permits  a  specified  quantity  of  goods  to  be imported  at  one  tariff  rate  and  a  higher  tariff  rate  to  imports  above  this  quantity? A. Import  tariff B. Voluntary  exports  restraint C. Tariff  quota D. Ad  valorum  tariff E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 22. Should  the  home  country  be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"large†Ã‚  relative  to  its  trade  partners,  its  imposition  of a  tariff  on  imports  would  lead  to  an  increase  in  domestic  welfare  if  the  terms  of the  trade  rectangle  exceed  the  sum  of  the A. revenue  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. B. protective  effect  plus  revenue  effect. C. consumption  effect  plus  redistribution  effect.D. protective  distortion  effect  plus  consumption  distortion  effect. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D An import quota: Is always more costly to a country than an import tariff. Has the same effects on welfare as an import tariff. Generates rents that might go to foreigners. Is always less costly to a country than an import tariff. -> -> ? ? ——————————-Ch9————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 27. The  imperfect  capital  market  justification  for  infant  industry  promotion A. Assumes  that  new  industries  will  tend  to  have  low  profits. B.Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  soon  mature. C. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  be  in  products  of  comparative advantage. D. Assumes  that  banks  can  allocate  resources  efficiently. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 2. Sophisticated  theoretical  arguments  supporting  import-substitution  policies include A. Terms  of  trade  effects. B. Scale  economy  arguments. C. Learning  curve  considerations. D. The  problem  of  appropriability. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 14. Which  industrialization  policy  used  by  developing  countries  places  emphasis  on the  comparative  advantage  principle  as  a  guide  to  resource  allocation? A. Export  promotion.B. Import  substitution. C. International  commodity  agreements. D. Infant  Industry  promotion. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 1. The  infant  industry  argument  was  an  important  theoretical  basis  for A. Neo-colonialist  theory  of  international  exploitation. B. Import  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  substituting  industrialization. C. Historiography  of  the  industrial  revolution  in  Western  Europe. D. East-Asian  miracle. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 6. The  wage  differential  theory  which  argued  that  shifting  resources  from  agriculture to  manufacturing  entailed  positive  social  benefits  implied  that A. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  competitiveness. B.Free  trade  policies  would  promote  economic  growth  for  both  static  and dynamic  reasons. C. Protectionism  was  likel y  to  lead  to  economic  stagnation. D. Protectionism  and  import  substitution  was  likely  to  promote  economic growth. Answer:  D 12. Which  trade  strategy  have  developing  countries  used  to  restrict  imports  of manufactured  goods  so  that  the  domestic  market  is  preserved  for  home  producers, who  thus  can  take  over  markets  already  established  in  the  country? A. International  commodity  agreement. B. Export  promotion. C. Multilateral  contract. D. Import  substitution. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 18. Import  substitution  policies  make  use  ofA. Tariffs  that  discourage  goods  from  entering  a  country. B. Quotas  applied  to  goods  that  are  shipped  abroad. C. Production  subsidies  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. D. Tax  breaks  granted  to  i ndustries  with  comparative  advantage. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 25. The  infant  industry  argument  is  that A. Comparative  advantage  is  irrelevant  to  economic  growth B. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  agricultural  goods. C. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  manufacturing. D. Developing  countries  have  a  potential  comparative  advantage  in manufacturing. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 26. The  infant  industry  argument  calls  for  active  government  involvement A. Only  if  the  government  forecasts  are  accurate. B. Only  if  some  market  failure  can  be  identified. C. Only  if  the  industry  is  not  one  already  dominated  by  industrial  countries. D. Only  if  the  industry  has  a  high  value  added. E. None  of  t he  above. Answer:  B 30. Import  substitution  policies  have  over  time  tended  to  involve  all  but  the  following A. Overlapping  import  quotas. B. Exchange  controls. C. Domestic  content  rules. D. Simple  tariffs. E. Multiple  exchange  rate  schemes. Answer:  D 35. The  HPAE  (High  Performance  Asian  Economies)  countriesA. Have  all  consistently  supported  free  trade  policies. B. Have  all  consistently  maintained  import-substitution  policies. C. Have  all  consistently  maintained  non-biased  efficient  free  capital  markets . D. Have  all  maintained  openness  to  international  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D ================================ch11========================== 1. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  incomeà ‚  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  Pakistan  and India  fall  under? A.Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Pakistan  and  India  fall  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 2. While  many  developing  countries  have  reformed  their  economies  in  order  to imitate  the  success  of  the  successful  industrial  economies,  the  process  remains incomplete  and  most  developing  countries  tend  to  be  characterized  by  all  of  the following  except: A. Seigniorage B. Control  of  capital  movements  by  limiting  foreign  exchange  transactions connected  with  trade  in  assets. C. Use  of  natural  resources  or  agricultural  commodities  as  an  important  share of  expo rts.D. A  worse  job  of  directing  savings  toward  their  most  efficient  investment uses. E. Reduced  corruption  and  poverty  due  to  limited  underground  markets. Answer:  E 4. Compared  with  industrialized  economies,  most  developing  countries  are  poor  in the  factors  of  production  essential  to  modern  industry:  These  factors  are A. capital  and  skilled  labor B. capital  and  unskilled  labor C. fertile  land  and  unskilled  labor D. fertile  land  and  skilled  labor E. water  and  capital Answer:  A 5. The  main  factors  that  discourage  investment  in  capital  and  skills  in  developing countries  are: A. olitical  instability,  insecure  property  rights B. political  instability,  insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies C. political  instability,  misguided  economicà ‚  policies D. political  instability E. insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies Answer:  B 6. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  sub-Saharan Africa  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E.Sub-Saharan  Africa  falls  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 7. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  mainland China  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income Answer:  B 8. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies.What  category  would  the  smaller Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Smaller  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  between  low  income and  lower  middle  income Answer:  D 9. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Saudi Arabia  falls  under? A. Low-income B.Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Saudi  Arabia  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income economies Answer:  B 10. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Turkey falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Turkey  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income  economiesAnswer:  B 11. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  uppe r middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Poland, Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Poland,  Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  between  low income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B Pie 123 1. External  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger  rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. C. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. remains  constant. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 2. Internal  economies  of  scale  arise  when  the  cost  per  unit A. rises  as  the  industry  grows  larger. B. falls  as  the  industry  grows  larger. C. rises  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. D. falls  as  the  average  firm  grows  larger. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 3. External  economies  of  scale A. ay  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. tends  to  result  in  one  huge   monopoly. D. tends  to  result  in  large  profits  for  each  firm. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 4. Internal  economies  of  scale A. may  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. B. cannot  be  associated  with  a  perfectly  competitive  industry. C. are  associated  only  with  sophisticated  products  such  as  aircraft. D. cannot  form  the  basis  for  international  trade  . E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 5. A  monopolistic  firm A. an  sell  as  much  as  it  wants  for  any  price  it  determines  in  the  market. B. cannot  determine  the  price,  which  is  determined  by  consumer  demand. C. will  never  sell  a  product  whose  demand  is  inelastic  at  the  quantity  sold. D. cannot  sell  additional  quantity  unless  it  raises  the  price  on  eac h  unit. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 7 6. Monopolistic  competition  is  associated  with A. cut-throat  price  competition. B. product  differentiation. C. explicit  consideration  at  firm  level  of  the  feedback  effects  of  other  firms' pricing  decisions. D. high  profit  margins. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 29.Two  countries  engaged  in  trade  in  products  with  no  scale  economies,  produced under  conditions  of  perfect  competition,  are  likely  to  be  engaged  in A. monopolistic  competition. B. inter-industry  trade. C. intra-industry  trade. D. Heckscher-Ohlin  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 19. A  monopoly  firm  engaged  in  international  trade  will A. equate  average  to  local  costs. B. equate  marginal  costs  with  foreign  marginal  revenues. C. equate  marginal  costsà ‚  with  the  highest  price  the  market  will  bear. D. equate  marginal  costs  with  marginal  revenues  in  both  domestic  and  in foreign  markets. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 9. Where  there  are  economies  of  scale,  the  scale  of  production  possible  in  a  country is  constrained  by A. the  size  of  the  country. B. the  size  of  the  trading  partner's  country. C. the  size  of  the  domestic  market. D. the  size  of  the  domestic  plus  the  foreign  market. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D Brown field : , Green field : 21. A  firm  in  monopolistic  competition A. earns  positive  monopoly  profits  because  each  sells  a  differentiated product. B. earns  positive  oligopoly  profits  because  each  firm  sells  a  differentiated product.C. earns  zero  econ omic  profits  because  it  is  in  perfectly  or  pure  competition. D. earns  zero  economic  profits  because  of  free  entry. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 16. International  trade  based  on  scale  economies  is  likely  to  be  associated  with A. Ricardian  comparative  advantage. B. comparative  advantage  associated  with  Heckscher-Ohlin  factor- proportions. C. comparative  advantage  based  on  quality  and  service. D. comparative  advantage  based  on  diminishing  returns. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  E ———————————————Ch7———————————————- . The  effective  rate  of  protection  measures A. the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"true†Ã‚  ad  valorum  v alue  of  a  tariff. B. the  quota  equivalent  value  of  a  tariff. C. the  efficiency  with  which  the  tariff  is  collected  at  the  customhouse. D. the  protection  given  by  the  tariff  to  domestic  value  added. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 1. Specific  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  specific  legal  statutes. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. C. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. D. the  same  as  import  quotas. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B . Ad  valorem  tariffs  are A. import  taxes  stated  in  ads  in  industry  publications. B. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fixed  charge  for  each  unit  of  imported  goods. A. import  taxes  calculated  as  a  fraction  of  the  value  of  the  imported  goods. B. the  same  as  import  quotas C. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C The  main  redistribution  effect  of  a  tariff  is  the  transfer  of  income  from A. domestic  producers  to  domestic  buyers. B. domestic  buyers  to  domestic  producers. C. domestic  producers  to  domestic  government. D. domestic  government  to  domestic  consumers. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 21.Which  of  the  following  policies  permits  a  specified  quantity  of  goods  to  be imported  at  one  tariff  rate  and  a  higher  tariff  rate  to  imports  above  this  quantity? A. Import  tariff B. Voluntary  exports  restraint C. Tariff  quota D. Ad  valorum  tariff E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  C 22. Should  the  home  country  be  Ã¢â‚¬Å"large†Ã‚  relative  to  its  trade  partners,  its  imposition  of a  tariff  on  imports  would  lead  to  an  increase  in  domestic  welfare  if  the  terms  of the  trade  rectangle  exceed  the  sum  of  the A. revenue  effect  plus  redistribution  effect. B. protective  effect  plus  revenue  effect. C. consumption  effect  plus  redistribution  effect.D. protective  distortion  effect  plus  consumption  distortion  effect. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D An import quota: Is always more costly to a country than an import tariff. Has the same effects on welfare as an import tariff. Generates rents that might go to foreigners. Is always less costly to a country than an import tariff. -> -> ? ? ——————————-Ch9————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 27. The  imperfect  capital  market  justification  for  infant  industry  promotion A. Assumes  that  new  industries  will  tend  to  have  low  profits. B.Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  soon  mature. C. Assumes  that  infant  industries  will  be  in  products  of  comparative advantage. D. Assumes  that  banks  can  allocate  resources  efficiently. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 2. Sophisticated  theoretical  arguments  supporting  import-substitution  policies include A. Terms  of  trade  effects. B. Scale  economy  arguments. C. Learning  curve  considerations. D. The  problem  of  appropriability. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 14. Which  industrialization  policy  used  by  developing  countries  places  emphasis  on the  comparative  advantage  principle  as  a  guide  to  resource  allocation? A. Export  promotion.B. Import  substitution. C. International  commodity  agreements. D. Infant  Industry  promotion. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 1. The  infant  industry  argument  was  an  important  theoretical  basis  for A. Neo-colonialist  theory  of  international  exploitation. B. Import  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  substituting  industrialization. C. Historiography  of  the  industrial  revolution  in  Western  Europe. D. East-Asian  miracle. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  B 6. The  wage  differential  theory  which  argued  that  shifting  resources  from  agriculture to  manufacturing  entailed  positive  social  benefits  implied  that A. Free  trade  policies  would  promote  competitiveness. B.Free  trade  policies  would  promote  economic  growth  for  both  static  and dynamic  reasons. C. Protectionism  was  likel y  to  lead  to  economic  stagnation. D. Protectionism  and  import  substitution  was  likely  to  promote  economic growth. Answer:  D 12. Which  trade  strategy  have  developing  countries  used  to  restrict  imports  of manufactured  goods  so  that  the  domestic  market  is  preserved  for  home  producers, who  thus  can  take  over  markets  already  established  in  the  country? A. International  commodity  agreement. B. Export  promotion. C. Multilateral  contract. D. Import  substitution. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D 18. Import  substitution  policies  make  use  ofA. Tariffs  that  discourage  goods  from  entering  a  country. B. Quotas  applied  to  goods  that  are  shipped  abroad. C. Production  subsidies  granted  to  industries  with  comparative  advantage. D. Tax  breaks  granted  to  i ndustries  with  comparative  advantage. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  A 25. The  infant  industry  argument  is  that A. Comparative  advantage  is  irrelevant  to  economic  growth B. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  agricultural  goods. C. Developing  countries  have  a  comparative  advantage  in  manufacturing. D. Developing  countries  have  a  potential  comparative  advantage  in manufacturing. E. None  of  the  above.Answer:  D 26. The  infant  industry  argument  calls  for  active  government  involvement A. Only  if  the  government  forecasts  are  accurate. B. Only  if  some  market  failure  can  be  identified. C. Only  if  the  industry  is  not  one  already  dominated  by  industrial  countries. D. Only  if  the  industry  has  a  high  value  added. E. None  of  t he  above. Answer:  B 30. Import  substitution  policies  have  over  time  tended  to  involve  all  but  the  following A. Overlapping  import  quotas. B. Exchange  controls. C. Domestic  content  rules. D. Simple  tariffs. E. Multiple  exchange  rate  schemes. Answer:  D 35. The  HPAE  (High  Performance  Asian  Economies)  countriesA. Have  all  consistently  supported  free  trade  policies. B. Have  all  consistently  maintained  import-substitution  policies. C. Have  all  consistently  maintained  non-biased  efficient  free  capital  markets . D. Have  all  maintained  openness  to  international  trade. E. None  of  the  above. Answer:  D ================================ch11========================== 1. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  incomeà ‚  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  Pakistan  and India  fall  under? A.Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Pakistan  and  India  fall  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 2. While  many  developing  countries  have  reformed  their  economies  in  order  to imitate  the  success  of  the  successful  industrial  economies,  the  process  remains incomplete  and  most  developing  countries  tend  to  be  characterized  by  all  of  the following  except: A. Seigniorage B. Control  of  capital  movements  by  limiting  foreign  exchange  transactions connected  with  trade  in  assets. C. Use  of  natural  resources  or  agricultural  commodities  as  an  important  share of  expo rts.D. A  worse  job  of  directing  savings  toward  their  most  efficient  investment uses. E. Reduced  corruption  and  poverty  due  to  limited  underground  markets. Answer:  E 4. Compared  with  industrialized  economies,  most  developing  countries  are  poor  in the  factors  of  production  essential  to  modern  industry:  These  factors  are A. capital  and  skilled  labor B. capital  and  unskilled  labor C. fertile  land  and  unskilled  labor D. fertile  land  and  skilled  labor E. water  and  capital Answer:  A 5. The  main  factors  that  discourage  investment  in  capital  and  skills  in  developing countries  are: A. olitical  instability,  insecure  property  rights B. political  instability,  insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies C. political  instability,  misguided  economicà ‚  policies D. political  instability E. insecure  property  rights,  misguided  economic  policies Answer:  B 6. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  sub-Saharan Africa  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E.Sub-Saharan  Africa  falls  between  lower-middle  and  upper-middle Answer:  A 7. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  mainland China  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income Answer:  B 8. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies.What  category  would  the  smaller Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Smaller  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  countries  fall  between  low  income and  lower  middle  income Answer:  D 9. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Saudi Arabia  falls  under? A. Low-income B.Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Saudi  Arabia  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income economies Answer:  B 10. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  upper middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Turkey falls  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Turkey  falls  between  low  income  and  lower  middle  income  economiesAnswer:  B 11. The  world’s  economies  can  be  divided  into  four  main  categories  according  to their  annual  per-capita  income  levels:  low-income,  lower  middle-income,  uppe r middle-  income  and  high-income  economies. What  category  would  the  Poland, Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  under? A. Low-income B. Upper  middle-  income C. High-income D. Lower  middle-income E. Poland,  Hungary,  and  the  Czech  and  Slovak  Republics  fall  between  low income  and  lower  middle  income  economies Answer:  B

Simple Pendulum Lab

The Simple Pendulum Objective and Background Objective: The Objective of this experiment is to examine the simple harmonic motion and to determine the value of the acceleration due to gravity from the analysis of the period of the simple pendulum. [1] Background: There are three equations that will be used to calculate the period of motion of the simple pendulum. They are the slope of the line of the graph of T? against L, and the gravity of the pendulum motion.The period of the motion is the time needed for one complete cycle that a pendulum bob swing from the initial position to the other end, and then back to the initial position. [1] The equation to calculate period is, T = 2? Lg Where, T = Period of the motion, measured in s. L = Length of the pendulum, measured in cm. g = Acceleration due to gravity, measured in m/s2. The slope of the line in the graph of T? against L can be used to determine the gravity of the pendulum motion. It is because, y = mx m = T? L= 4 g = Slope of the line in the graph T? /L. Therefore, to find the gravity of the pendulum motion, we can use the slope of the graph.The slope of the graph is given by the formula, g = 4 m g = Acceleration due to gravity, measured in m/s?. Procedure and Observations Materials: * String * Metre Stick * Stop watch * Stand * Pendulum bob Procedure: 1) Materials listed above were taken for the experiment. 2) The pendulum bob was tied tightly with the string. 3) The string with the pendulum bob was hung on the stand. ) A meter stick was used to measure the distance between the centre of mass of the bob and the top of the string. 5) The distance was recorded in the observation table. 6) The pendulum ball was held at a distance from the centre and it was released. 8) A stop watch was used to time the time needed to complete ten cycles. 9) The time was recorded in the observation table. 10) Steps 4-7 were repeated four more times with different lengths. Observations: L (m)| 10T (s)| 0. 185| 9. 01| 0. 39| 14. 13| 0. 595| 15. 04| 0. 79| 17. 58| 1| 19. 67|Diagram of the Pendulum Figure [ 1 ] Calculations and Results Method 1 – Graph of T2 vs. L Data collected L(m)| T2(s2)| 0. 18| 0. 81| 0. 39| 1. 99| 0. 59| 2. 37| 0. 79| 3. 09| 1| 3. 86| Hand drawn graph ?x ?y Figure [ 2 ] The slope can be determined by m=? x? y. So, by taking a value for x x = 0. 4 cm y must then be y = 1. 4 cm m= 1. 4 cm0. 4 cm m=3. 5 The error would be given by ?mm= ? x1x12+ ? x2x22 ?m= m 0. 051. 42+ 0. 050. 42 ?m= 3. 5 0. 051. 42+ 0. 050. 42 ?m=0. 45 The acceleration due to gravity is given by g=4? 2m g=4? 23. 5 g=4? 23. 5 g=11. m/s2 Calculating the error for g would yield ?gg= ? mm2 ?g= g 0. 453. 52 ?g= 11. 30. 453. 52 ?g= 1. 45 m/s2 g=11. 3 m/s2 Â ± 1. 45 m/s2 Solving for the percentage deviation would give % deviation= Actual value-Expected valueExpected value* 100% Expected value=9. 8 m/s2 % deviation= 11. 3 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 11. 3 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 15. 3% Me thod 2 – Linear Regression Excel graph Figure [ 3 ]The equation of the line is given by T2 = 3. 53L + 0. 33 Where m=3. 53 The acceleration due to gravity is given by =4? 2m g=4? 23. 53 g=4? 23. 53 g=11. 1 m/s2 Solving for the percentage deviation would give % deviation= Actual value-Expected valueExpected value* 100% Expected value=9. 8 m/s2 % deviation= 11. 1 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 11. 1 m/s2-9. 8 m/s29. 8 m/s2*100% % deviation= 13. 2% Conclusion By comparing these two methods of calculating the acceleration due to gravity it is clearly noticeable that there is a difference between the two, when it comes to the accuracy. When calculating g using the hand drawn graph method it yielded =11. m/s2 Â ± 1. 45 m/s2. However, when using the linear regression method on excel, it yielded g=11. 1 m/s2. This is clearly closer to the expected value of 9. 8 m/s2. There are several reasons contributing to the conclusion that linear regression is more accurate, than meas uring calculating the slope off of a hand drawn graph. First of all, computers are much more accurate than humans. There is no denying the fact that humans are not perfect and no hand drawn graph will be as precise as a computer drawn graph.A ruler was being used, which may lead to believe that the line is perfectly straight, whereas it is actually not. This is clearly noticeable when one zooms in on a hand drawn graph. Another problem with the ruler is that no matter how hard one tries to measure the distance between two different points, one will never be able to get the exact distance. Computers however, Excel in this case, draw perfectly straight lines. Also the location of line of best fit line, in the hand drawn part of the experiment, was estimated, which obviously leads to an inaccurate result.Excel however, uses the calculation of linear regression to draw the line of best fit and this is extremely accurate, since the exact slope is being calculated by Excel. It is clear th at the method of linear regression is more accurate by looking at the percentage deviations for each method. The % deviation for the hand drawn graph yielded 15. 3%, whereas the percentage deviation for the linear regression method only was 13. 2% Even though the linear regression method was more accurate than the hand drawn method, there was still a pretty significant difference, between that value, namely g=11. m/s2, and the expected value of 9. 8 m/s2. This is due to a few sources of error when this experiment was conducted. One of the errors that contributed to this difference was that the length of the string was not exactly measured. Thus, the relation between the length and the period was wrong, leading to false results. Another reason that contributed to the inaccuracy was the fact that when the bob was not swinging the way it was supposed to. It was only supposed to have a linear motion, but it had a slight circular motion, which of course lead to a longer period.This again resulted in a wrong relation between the period and the length, leading to a wrong result. There was another major aspect to the experiment that lead to this result. Namely the fact one could not tell where the bob actually started its swinging motion exactly; therefore the exact period could not be measured with the stopwatch. It is evident however, that if these errors could have been avoided, the acceleration due to gravity could have been calculated very accurately using the method of linear regression. References [1] PCS 125 Laboratory Manual, 2008

Free Essays on Causes Of The American Civil War

The South, which was known as the Confederate States of America, seceded from the North, which was also known as the Union, for many different reasons. The reason they wanted to succeed was because there was four decades of great sectional conflict between the two. Between the North and South there were deep economic, social, and political differences. The South wanted to become an independent nation. There were many reasons why the South wanted to succeed but the main reason had to do with the North’s view on slavery. All of this was basically a different interpretation of the United States Constitution on both sides. In the end all of these disagreements on both sides led to the Civil War, in which the North won. There were a few reasons other then the slavery issue, that the South disagreed on and that persuaded them to succeed from the Union. Basically the North favored a loose interpretation of the United States Constitution. They wanted to grant the federal government increased powers. The South wanted to reserve all undefined powers to the individual states. The North also wanted internal improvements sponsored by the federal government. This was more roads, railroads, and canals. The South, on the other hand, did not want these projects to be done at all. Also the North wanted to develop a tariff. With a high tariff, it protected the Northern manufacturer. It was bad for the South because a high tariff would not let the south trade its cotton for foreign goods. The North also wanted a good banking and currency system and federal subsidies for shipping and internal improvements. The South felt these were discriminatory and that they favored Northern commercial interests. Now the main reason for the South’s secession was the Slavery issue. Basically the South wanted and needed it and the North did not want it at all. The South was going to do anything they co... Free Essays on Causes Of The American Civil War Free Essays on Causes Of The American Civil War The South, which was known as the Confederate States of America, seceded from the North, which was also known as the Union, for many different reasons. The reason they wanted to succeed was because there was four decades of great sectional conflict between the two. Between the North and South there were deep economic, social, and political differences. The South wanted to become an independent nation. There were many reasons why the South wanted to succeed but the main reason had to do with the North’s view on slavery. All of this was basically a different interpretation of the United States Constitution on both sides. In the end all of these disagreements on both sides led to the Civil War, in which the North won. There were a few reasons other then the slavery issue, that the South disagreed on and that persuaded them to succeed from the Union. Basically the North favored a loose interpretation of the United States Constitution. They wanted to grant the federal government increased powers. The South wanted to reserve all undefined powers to the individual states. The North also wanted internal improvements sponsored by the federal government. This was more roads, railroads, and canals. The South, on the other hand, did not want these projects to be done at all. Also the North wanted to develop a tariff. With a high tariff, it protected the Northern manufacturer. It was bad for the South because a high tariff would not let the south trade its cotton for foreign goods. The North also wanted a good banking and currency system and federal subsidies for shipping and internal improvements. The South felt these were discriminatory and that they favored Northern commercial interests. Now the main reason for the South’s secession was the Slavery issue. Basically the South wanted and needed it and the North did not want it at all. The South was going to do anything they co... Free Essays on Causes Of The American Civil War The South, which was known as the Confederate States of America, seceded from the North, which was also known as the Union, for many different reasons. The reason they wanted to succeed was because there was four decades of great sectional conflict between the two. Between the North and South there were deep economic, social, and political differences. The South wanted to become an independent nation. There were many reasons why the South wanted to succeed but the main reason had to do with the North’s view on slavery. All of this was basically a different interpretation of the United States Constitution on both sides. In the end all of these disagreements on both sides led to the Civil War, in which the North won. There were a few reasons other then the slavery issue, that the South disagreed on and that persuaded them to succeed from the Union. Basically the North favored a loose interpretation of the United States Constitution. They wanted to grant the federal government increased powers. The South wanted to reserve all undefined powers to the individual states. The North also wanted internal improvements sponsored by the federal government. This was more roads, railroads, and canals. The South, on the other hand, did not want these projects to be done at all. Also the North wanted to develop a tariff. With a high tariff, it protected the Northern manufacturer. It was bad for the South because a high tariff would not let the south trade its cotton for foreign goods. The North also wanted a good banking and currency system and federal subsidies for shipping and internal improvements. The South felt these were discriminatory and that they favored Northern commercial interests. Now the main reason for the South’s secession was the Slavery issue. Basically the South wanted and needed it and the North did not want it at all. The South was going to do anything they co...

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Mendelian Genetics Essay Example Mendelian Genetics Essay Mendelian Genetics Essay Mendelian Genetics * Pea plants have several advantages for genetics. * Pea plants are available in many varieties with distinct heritable features (characters) with different variants (traits). * Another advantage of peas is that Mendel had strict control over which plants mated with which. * Each pea plant has male (stamens) and female (carpal) sexual organs. * In nature, pea plants typically self-fertilize, fertilizing ova with their own sperm. * However, Mendel could also move pollen from one plant o another to cross-pollinate plants. * In a typical breeding experiment, Mendel would cross-pollinate (hybridize) two contrasting, true-breeding pea varieties. * The true-breeding parents are the P generation and their hybrid offspring are the F1 generation. * Mendel would then allow the F1 hybrids to self-pollinate to produce an F2 generation. * It was mainly Mendel’s quantitative analysis of F2 plants that revealed the two fundamental principles of heredity: the law of segrega tion and the law of independent assortment. 2. By the law of segregation, the two alleles for a characters are packaged into separate gametes * If the blending model were correct, the F1 hybrids from a cross between purple-flowered and white-flowered pea plants would have pale purple flowers. * Instead, the F1 hybrids all have purple flowers, just a purple as the purple-flowered parents. * When Mendel allowed the F1 plants to self-fertilize, the F2 generation included both purple-flowered and white-flowered plants. * The white trait, absent in the F1, reappeared in the F2. * Based on a large sample size, Mendel ecorded 705 purple-flowered F2 plants and 224 white-flowered F2 plants from the original cross. Vocab: * Character –heritable feature * Trait – each variant for a character * True-breeding – plants that self-pollinate all offspring are the same variety * Monohybrid cross – a cross that tracks the inheritance of a single character * P generation – (parental) true-breeding * F1- (first fili al) offspring of P generation * F2 – (second filial) offspring from F1 cross * Allele- alternate version of a gene * Dominate allele – expressed in the heterozygote Recessive allele – not expressed in the heterozygote * Homozygote – pair of identical alleles for a character * Homozygous dominant- BB * Homozygous recessive bb * Heterozygote – two different alleles for a character (Bb) * Genotype – genetic makeup * Phenotype – appearance of an organism Law of Segregation the two alleles for each character segregate during gamete production Law of Independent Assortment – Each set of alleles segregates independently Test cross – designed to reveal the genotype of an organism

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Scoring Rubric Use and Samples for Elementary Grades A scoring rubric evaluates the performance of an assignment. Its an organized way for teachers to assess their students work and learn what areas the student needs to develop in. How to Use a Scoring Rubric To get started you must: First, determine if you are scoring the assignment based on the overall quality and understanding of a concept. If you are, then this is a quick and easy way to score an assignment, because you are looking for an overall understanding rather than specific criteria. Next, read the assignment carefully. Be sure not to look at the rubric just yet because right now you are just focusing on the main concept. Re-read the assignment while focusing on the overall quality and understanding the student portrays. Lastly, use the rubric to determine the final score of the assignment. Learn how to score a rubric and view samples of expository and narrative writing rubrics. Plus: learn how to create a rubric from scratch by using this step-by-step guide to create a rubric. Sample Scoring Rubrics The following basic elementary scoring rubrics provide guidelines to evaluate assignments using the following criteria: 4 - Meaning the students work is Exemplary (Strong). He/she goes beyond what is expected of them to complete the assignment. 3 - Meaning the students work is good (Acceptable). He/she does what is expected of them to complete the assignment. 2 - Meaning the students work is satisfactory (Almost there but acceptable). He/she may or may not complete the assignment with limited understanding. 1 - Meaning the students work is not where it should be (weak). He/she does not complete the assignment and/or has no understanding of what to do. Use the scoring rubrics below as a way to assess your students skills. Scoring Rubric 1 4 Exemplary Student has a complete comprehension of the material Student participated and completed all activities Student completed all assignments in a timely manner and showed perfect performance 3 Good Quality Student has a proficient comprehension of the material Student actively participated in all activities Student completed assignments in a timely manner 2 Satisfactory Student has an average comprehension of the material Student mostly participated in all activities Student completed assignments with help 1 Not There Yet Student does not comprehend the material Students did not participate in activities Students did not complete assignments Scoring Rubric 2 4 The assignment is completed correctly and contains additional and outstanding features 3 The assignment is completed correctly with zero mistakes 2 The assignment is partially correct with no major mistakes 1 The assignment is not completed correctly and contains a lot of mistakes Scoring Rubric 3 Points Description 4 Students understanding of concept if clearly evident Student uses effective strategies to get accurate results Student uses logical thinking to arrive at the conclusion 3 Students understanding of the concept is evident Student uses appropriate strategies to arrive at a result Student shows thinking skills to arrive at the conclusion 2 Student has limited understanding of a concept Student uses strategies that are ineffective Student attempts to show thinking skills 1 Student has a complete lack of understanding of the concept Student makes no attempt to use a strategy Student shows no understanding

Human Biological Science (Pathogens and Disease) Coursework

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COMMUNICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Applied decision making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

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COMMUNICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

COMMUNICATION - Essay Example In a group situation, I will listen mostly and will intervene only when someone is providing misinformation. When I know that the person with whom I am conversing is more knowledgeable, I prefer to listen and will not like to give suggestions, unless specifically asked to do so. Do I ?nd it necessary to use many descriptive terms when speaking, or do I prefer short, succinct sentences? I prefer to use short sentences. Being a listener by nature, in my style of conversation ears will be better engaged than the tongue. In my replies I prefer to be crisp, may not be witty, but I will answer to the point, nothing more, nothing less. Time is precious and I will not like to waste the time with whom I am conversing, nor like to allow him to waste my time. I will not sermonise on a topic on which I do know much about. I like to be brief. Do I prefer cause-and-effect situations as opposed to creative, ambiguous dilemmas? I do prefer cause and effect situations and I do not like dilemmas or co nfusion. While conversing, I have in the back of my mind invariably that I need to concentrate on the essence of the issue, and not talk in a roundabout way. When I say something and answer about a particular issue, it must be based on reasoned premises. I hate creating dilemmas and confusing situations. The purpose of a conversation (unless it is a formal and casual talk) is to find an acceptable solution, and as such there is no point in getting more and more confused. Do I prefer to be alone or be with others? I prefer to be alone. I do not like promoting myself, speaking up and networking. My philosophy of life is to ‘talk less, work more and walk more’. I am an introvert. I do believe that brazen confidence is not the exclusive property of the extroverts and introverts too are entitled for that. I entirely agree with the observation â€Å"introverts prefer less stimulating environments and tend to enjoy quiet concentration, listen more than they talk and think bef ore they speak†. (Jenna Goudreau, n. p.)Historical information provides strength to my position as some of the ideas for big innovations and great leadership come from introverts. Unless there is a cause or a common purpose, engaging in directionless and destination less conversation is waste of time, and as such I enjoy my solitude. Do I prefer to make decisions alone, or do I prefer to work things out with others? I do like to work things out alone, but I do also like to ask others for opinions, as I believe that a person should not make important decisions alone. The wise saying goes ‘Two heads are better than one’. Decisions taken by sharing knowledge are likely to fructify and give positive results. Each individual may have expertise in a particular area, and in the environment of a big hospital, one has to work in different situations. So, when a critical decision needs to be made, that has bearing on the life of the patient, I consider it my professional du ty to take a decision in consultation with my experienced colleagues. Sharing information and taking counsel from others has only advantages and no disadvantages. Summary of my communication style I have my nursing job; I have a family to take care; I have my friends circle; I am part of the society, a cultural and religious group. As such my communication

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Chinese TV in New Media Age - Essay Example Along with the fast pace of these technology we find the development of the traditional media like the television. These changes in the media industry as a whole and the television industry specifically may be seen in the overall structure of the international industry. Thus, in this modern world characterised by the growth of media of various types, all the world powers find a great place for domination and control of media and the industry. In this context, it is of great significance to analyse the role of emerging world players like China. "Over the past two decades, China's television programming has experienced unprecedented expansion. Today, the TV industry has entered a stage of heated competition, as more and more domestic and international media players are entering the Chinese market." (China's TV Industry: An Overview. 2006). Only a proper analysis would clearly tell the facts about the role of Chinese TV industry in the modern media age. In this paper, such an endeavour is initiated- to know, analyse, arrive at conclusions, and encourage further studies on the how Chinese television maintains its position in the new media age. Due to world wide trend toward deregulation and privatisation of the mass media, they have concentrated, mainly, in the national level. "Perhaps the most significant development of the last two decades in international communication is the increasing concentration of mass media ownership within and across national borders" (Shah n.d) The most significant international phenomenon in the present situation, the globalisation has a pertinent role in the development of the media. "The truth is simple: Globalization needs media, and vice versa." (Esin 2002). In this modern world, global movement across the borders and rapid commercialization are the bywords. In addition think global and act local adage has caught up as a leading marketing principle particularly in international marketing. This is reflected in every economy and the impact of this global phenomenon is evident in the media sector of modern economies. In this paper, the focal question is concerning the impact of the modern global situation and the new media age on Chinese TV. There is no question regarding the developments that have taken place in the international media culture. Most of the changes have been due to the growth of new technology. The amazing growth of the international media is also characterised by remarkable competition. "The new competition is not just within traditional media -- it is from new sources of news, such as the Internet, portable e-mail devices like Blackberries, cell phones and iPods." (Gelb 2006). These new developments have tremendous influence on the economic development of the nations as well. To understand the present global situation, media of every type have influenced the lives of the people. Internet has revolutionised the way we handle information and business across the national frontiers. Local news and events now reach the nooks and corner of the world much faster courtesy the internet. Internet has, in fact, silently and steadily abetted the process of globalisation by arbitraging a new platform for rapid and instantaneous sharing of new in written, audio and video media. This advent of internet and other advances in information technology like digitalization have meant that the

Imprint of Italian and Irish Americans on the American Culture Essay Example for Free

Imprint of Italian and Irish Americans on the American Culture Essay On July 4th 1776, Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Carefully written on this scribe and on the foundation of this nation are the unalienable rights to â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† (Declaration of Independence, n.d.) While some of the values and ideas of this document come from America’s motherland, England, the promised rights to the free world are shared by no other nation. For this reason, The American Dream is dreamt not only by natural born citizens of this nation, but by many people all around the world. Over twelve million immigrants during the late 1800s and early 1900s passed through Ellis Island, the first federal immigrant inspection station of the free world. Of the newcomers, a portion of them consisted of Italian Americans and Irish Americans. Throughout history, these groups have contributed to what is termed multiculturalism. Being the minority, these two groups have also experienced power-conflicts through their quests of assimilation. The two ethnic groups faced many challenges that helped create what is believed to be the melting pot to many ethnicities and racial groups. For The Journey While the American Dream is a common value, the aspirations of the idea come from different motives. In Italy, a strong, and unfair class structure created such severe conditions that led to 1/3 of the nation’s population to immigrate to the new world. While the majority of this fraction came permanently for a new life, some came temporarily to make enough money to return to Italy and buy land. Simply owning land in Italy automatically escalated Italians within the class structure. Many Italian Americans settled in Chicago Illinois, one of the largest growing cities in America at the time. Chicago offered much opportunity for work, as it was the ideal producer of steel and aider to America’s industrial growth. Back in Ireland,  the Irish had much more to deal with than just a harsh class structure. Under English rule, Irish religious practices were repressed along with many other basic freedoms the Irish came to experience in America. A poor economic situation due to chaos of rebellious battles led to much of Ireland’s population living an unsanitary lifestyle in mud huts well into the late 1800s. These living conditions led to diseases of more than half the population. When the Irish Americans first settled in Boston, they lived crammed into small, single-home houses with at least a couple more families. Many shared cellar, attic, and crawl spaces for living quarters (Youtube, 2011). Overall Assimilation Assimilation in reference to the Italians and the Irish is much more complex and has become an identity reference in itself. Being the weak minority has demanded the Italians and Irish to accept and disregard many of their own practices to satisfy the dominate. Unlike the Irish, many Italians did not stick together, but lived spread-out and separated from others. In fact, some tensions developed between some Italians groups based on what streets and neighborhood they lived on and in. Inside conflicts like this led to outside conflicts as Americans began to depict Italian Americans as a dark and devious group within press. Italian Americans worked hard to reverse this depiction and to adhere to the dominate rule of society. When Mussolini began to restore Italy to what many people believed that to the equivalent of the Roman Empire eras, Italian Americans felt sense of pride. Mussolini knowing that he needed the approval of Italians worked hard to earn their respect. The world viewed Mussolini as a strong leader, and this view reflected off of the proud Italian Americans. However, when Mussolini declared war on the U.S. by joining forces with other fascist leaders, Italian Americans began to receive much ridicule from the dominate social class again. Meanwhile, Irish Americans needed little effort to complete the process of assimilation. Having many of the same physical characteristics as the dominate groups of America, made it easier to focus on progression up the social ladder. The first generation, while working factory jobs like the Italian Americans, led a more togetherness of a lifestyle with one another in their group, which created a better support system. The support system created a stronger group and led to management positions. The second  generation focused heavily on education as much as the dominate class did. Higher education led to political offices within just the third generation of Irish Americans, which led to the Irish becoming part of the dominate group in America. A great example of this would be the Kennedy Family. Power-Conflicts Predicted to be the minority by the middle of the 21st century, the dominate white has been accused of trying to oppress the minority through tactics summarized by power-conflict theories. (Feagin Feagin, 2011). When the Italians and Irish first immigrated to America, the first jobs they assumed were factory and railroad jobs. Running these factories were members of the dominate class. It is commonly believed that money is the result of success in America, just as the sum of money and success are equal to power. The contrast between the dominate and the minority was very much defined as there was not much of a middle class. It was without effort for the dominate factory runners and railroad heads to pay the minority the minimum for the dangerous work they provided, after all, the only thing factory workers had to provide was their labor while factory runners had the product of the factories. For a long time this was a recurring issue in terms of power-conflicts. This issue created so much unrest until the two groups gained support from within their own groups to develop labor unions. Multiculturalism Multiculturalism is a term that to this day produces many unsettled feelings of both unrest and excitement. America, regarded as the Melting Pot of many cultures is not even a fully multicultural nation, as this country has taken almost three hundred years to see the first African American president. While the Italians and the Irish have worked hard to assimilate to the ways of this nation, they have also brought their culture onto this nation as well. Christopher Columbus day is proudly recognized by Italians as he was always considered the son of Italy. His finding of the new world has been an amazing accomplishment for the Italians. When the Italians finally had a voice in congress, they pushed to make the day a federal holiday (Youtube, 2011). Meanwhile, the strong religion practice as Catholics has also prompted holidays in favor of the Irish, such as St. Patrick’s Day. Without  the push by these groups to recognize these days, America may have not done so otherwise. It is important that days that attribute much to other cultures be recognized by America to promote multiculturalism. For example another federal holiday that reminds America of equal rights among equal groups is Martin Luther King Day. Conclusion In the late 1800s and early 1900s Italian and Irish Americans came to American to take advantage of the opportunities. The Italians settled primarily in Chicago, while the Irish settled in Boston. The two groups worked hard to assimilate through the trials and tribulations of power-conflicts and the everlasting multiculturalism. While the groups assimilated well by becoming an American version of their ethnicity, they also left an imprint on the overall culture of America. When both groups achieved political offices, days that were influential to their groups became federal holidays. References Declatation of Independence. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charter/declatation_transcript.html Feagin, J. R., Feagin, C. B. (2011). Racial and Ethnic Relations (9th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall. Library of Congress. (2014, May). ImmigrationIrish. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationssandactivities/presentations/immigration/irish6.html Youtube. (2011, December). And they Came to Chicago: The Italian American Legacy. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqeikaWQCyo Youtube. (2011, July). The Irish in America Part 1. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0sZ_jWcyl

Image Super-Resolver using Cascaded Linear Regression

Image Super-Resolver using Cascaded Linear Regression Abstract A number of existing super-resolution algorithms fail in modeling the relationship between high and low resolution image patches and time complexity in training the model. To overcome the above-stated problem, simple, effective, robust and fast image super-resolver (SERF) based on cascaded linear regression has been used for learning the model parameters. The image divided into patches are grouped into clusters using k-means clustering algorithm for learning the model parameter based on series of linear least square function, named cascaded linear regression to identify the missing detail information. This approach has been simulated using MATLAB for various images. The simulation results show that SERF gives better PSNR and less computation cost compared to existing methods. Keywords-Cascaded linear regression, example learning based image super-resolution, K-means. Super-Resolution (SR) is the process of producing a high-resolution (HR) image or video from low-resolution images or frames. In this technology, multiple low-resolution (LR) images are applied to generate the single high-resolution image. The image super-resolution is applied in a wide range, including the areas of military, medicine, public safety and computer vision, all of which will be in great need of this technology. The SR process is an ill-posed inverse problem, even though the estimation of HR image from LR input image has many possible solutions. There are many SR algorithms available to resolve this ill-pose problem. Interpolation Based method is the most intuitive method for the image super-resolution. This kind of algorithm has the low-resolution image registered on the grid of the high-resolution image to be calculated. Reconstruction based method is mainly based on iterative back projection method. This algorithm is very convergent, simple and direct, but the resoluti on is not steady and unique. Because of the limitation of the reconstruction algorithm, the learning-based super-resolution technology emerges as an active research area. Learning based approach synthesize HR image from a training set of HR and LR image pairs. This approach commonly works on the image patches (Equal-sized patches which is divided from the original image with overlaps between neighbouring patches). Since, learning based method achieves good performance result for HR image recovery; most of the recent technologies follow this methodology. Freeman et al [1] describe a learning based method for low-level vision problem-estimating scenes from images and modeling the relation between synthetic world of images and its corresponding images with markov network. This technique use Bayesian belief propagation to find out a local maximum of the posterior probability for the scene of given image. This method shows the benefits of applying machine learning network and large datasets to the problem of visual interpretation. Sun et al [2] use the Bayesian approach to image hallucination where HR images are hallucinated from a generic LR images using a set of training images. For practical applications, the robustness of this Bayesian approach produces an inaccurate PSF. To overcome the estimation of PSF, Wang et al [3] propose a framework. It is based on annealed Gibbs sampling method. This framework utilized both SR reconstruction constraint and a patch based image synthesis constraint in a general probabilistic and also has poten tial to reduce the other low-level vision related problems. A new approach introduced by Yang et al [4] to represent single image super-resolution via sparse representation. With the help of low resolution input image sparse model, output high resolution image can be generated. This method is superior to patch-based super-resolution method [3]. Zedye et al [5] proposed a sparse representation model for single image scale-up problem. This method reduces the computational complexity and algorithmic architecture than Zhan [6] model. Gao et al [7] introduce the sparsity based single image super-resolution by proposing a structure prior based sparse representation. But, this model lags in estimation of model parameter and sparse representation. Freedman et al [8] extend the existing example-based learning framework for up-scaling of single image super-resolution. This extended method follows a local similarity assumption on images and extract localized region from input image. This techn ique retains the quality of image while reducing the nearest-neighbour search time. Some recent techniques for single image SR learn a mapping from LR domain to HR domain through regression operation. Inspired by the concept of regression [9], Kim [10] and Ni Nguyen [11] use the regression model for estimating the missing detail information to resolve SR problem. Yang and Wang [12] presented a self-learning approach for SR, which advance support vector regression (SVR) with image sparse co-efficient to make the model relationship between LR and HR domain. This method follows bayes decision theory for selecting the optimal SVR model which produces the minimum SR reconstruction error Kim and Kwon [13] proposed kernel ridge regression (KRR) to train the model parameter for single image SR. He and siu [14] presented a model which estimates the parameter using Gaussian process regression (GPR).Some efforts have been taken to reduce the time complexity. Timofte et al [15] proposed Anchored neighbourhood regression (ANR) with projection matrices for mapping the LR image patches onto the HR image patches. Yang et al [16] combined two fundamental SR approaches-learning from datasets and l earning from self-examples. The effect of noise and visual artifacts are suppressed by combining the regression on multiple in-place examples for better estimation. Dong et al [17] [18] proposed a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) to model the relationship between LR and HR images. This model performs end-to-end mapping which formulates the non-linear mapping and jointly optimize the number of layers. An important issues of the example learning based image SR technique are how to model the mapping relationship between LR and HR image patches; most existing models either hard to diverse natural images or consume a lot of time to train the model parameters. The existing regression functions cannot model the complicated mapping relationship between LR and HR images. Considering this problem, we have developed a new image super-resolver for single image SR which consisting of cascaded linear regression (series of linear regression) function. In this method, first the images are subdivided into equal-sized image patches and these image patches are grouped into clusters during training phase. Then, each clusters learned with model parameter by a series of linear regression, thereby reducing the gap of missing detail information. Linear regression produces a closed-form solution which makes the proposed method simple and efficient. The paper is organized as follows. Section II describes a series of linear regression, results are discussed in section III and section IV concludes the paper. Inspired by the concept of linear regression method for face detection [19], a series of linear regression framework is used for image super-resolution. Here, the framework of cascaded linear regression in and how to use it for image SR were explained. A. Series of Linear Regression Framework The main idea behind cascaded linear regression is to learn a set of linear regression function for each cluster thereby gradually decreasing the gaps of high frequency details between the estimated HR image patches and the ground truth image patches. In order to produce the original HR image from LR input image, first interpolate LR image to obtain the interpolated LR image with same size as HR image. This method works at the patch level, each linear regressor parameter computes an increment from a previous image patch, and the present image patch is then updated in cascaded manner. (1) (2) denotes the estimated image patch after t-stages. denotes the estimated increment. denotes feature extractor by which the f-dimensional feature vector can be obtained. Linear regressor parameters at t-stage T Total number of regression stages. The next step is learning of the linear regression parameters and for T stages. Relying on these linear regression T stages, parameters for regressors are subsequently learnt to reduce the total number of reconstruction errors and to make presently updated image patch more appropriate to generate the HR patch. Using least squares form to optimize and , it can be written as, (3) The regularization term accomplishes a constraint on the linear regression parameters and to avert over-fitting and ÃŽÂ ² be the data fidelity term and the regularization term. At each regression stage, a new dataset values can be created by recurrently applying the update rule in (1) with learnedand. Next, and can be learned subsequently using (2) in cascade manner. Fig. 1. Flow of cascaded linear regression framework B. Pseudo code For Cascaded Linear Regression Algorithm The Pseudo code for cascaded linear regression algorithm for training phase is given below, Input: , image patch size à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡d xà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡d for t=1 to T do { Apply k-means to obtain cluster centres for i = 1 to c do { compute A and b. update the values of A and b in . } end for } end for The output of this training phase is and cluster centroid. C. SERF Image Super-Resolver This section deals with cascaded linear regression based SERF image. The process starts by converting color image from the RGB space into the YCbCr space where the Y channel represents luminance, and the Cb and Cr channels represent the chromaticity. SERF is only applied to the Y channel. The Cb and Cr channels reflect G and B channels of the interpolated LR image. D. SERF Implementation To extract the high frequency details from each patch by subtracting the mean value from each patch as feature patch denoted as . Since the frequency content is missing from the initially estimated image patches, the goal of a series of linear regression is to compensate for high frequency detail (4), (4) To diminish the error between HR feature patch and the estimated feature patch, it is normal that the regression output should be small. Hence, by putting the constraint on regularization term to (4), the output is, (5) Where, ÃŽÂ » is the regularization parameter. t Denotes the number of regression stages. denotes the feature extractor. ÃŽÂ ² and ÃŽÂ » are set to 1 and 0.25. A closed-form solution for equation (5) can be computed by making the partial derivative of equation (5) equal to zero. In testing phase, for a given LR image, bicubic interpolation is applied to up sample it by a factor of r. This interpolated image is divided into M image patches. Feature patches are calculated by subtracting the mean value from each image patch. At the tth stage, each feature patch is assigned to a cluster l according to the Euclidean distance. To obtain the feature subsequently, linear regression parameters are applied to compute the increment. Concurrently, the feature patch is updated using, (6) After passing through T-stages, reconstructed image patches are obtained by adding mean value to the final feature patches. All the reconstructed patches are then combined with the overlapping area and then averaged to generate the original HR image. E. Pseudo code For SERF Image Super-Resolver Algorithm The pseudo code for SERF image super-resolver algorithm is as follows: Inputs: Y, a, r, for t=1 to T do { Adapt each patch clusterto a cluster. Compute. Update the values of A and b in } End for The output will be the High Resolution image (HR). The simulation of the SERF image super-resolver is done by using MATLAB R2013a for various images. The LR image is read from image folder and is processed using the algorithms explained before. The output HR image is taken after regression stages. The implementation is done by considering many reference images. The colour image (RGB) is first converted into YCbCr space, where Y channel represents luminance. Cb and Cr are simply copied from the interpolated LR image. The number of cluster size is 200. Image patch size 5 x 5 and magnification factor is set to 3. a)LR input b)HR input (c)Zooming result Fig.2. SERF Result under Magnification Factor 3 a)LR input b)HR output c)zooming result Fig.3. SERF Result under Magnification Factor 2 a)LR input b)HR output c)zooming result Fig.4. SERF Result under Magnification Factor 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) Fig.5. Comparisons ResultsButterfly (a) ground truth image (original size is 256 ÃÆ'- 256); (a)super-resolution results of (b) SRCNN, (c) ScSR, (d) Zeydes, (e) ANR, (f) BPJDL,(g) SPM, and (h) SERF. Zeydes [5] method gives noiseless image, but texture details are not well reconstructed as shown Figure (d). The BPJDL [14] methods generate sharper edges when compared to other methods as shown Figure (f). Figure (h) shows the zooming results of SERF method that performs well for both reconstruction and visual artifacts suppression. TABLE I:PSNR AND SSIM VALUES UNDER MAGNIFICATION FACTOR OF 1, 2 AND 3. Magnification Factor PSNR SSIM TIME(s) 3 29.0775 0.839 0.4323 2 30.5 0.812 0.4000 1 38.4 0.798 0.3870 TABLE II:PSNR AND SSIM VALUES UNDER MAGNIFICATION FACTOR OF 3 FOR TESTING IMAGES. S.NO IMAGES PSNR SSIM TIME(s) 1 Baboon 23.63 0.532 0.3115 2 Baby 35.29 0.906 0.4148 3 Butterfly 26.87 0.883 0.2018 4 Comic 24.32 0.755 0.2208 5 Man 28.19 0. 778 0.5468 6 zebra 29.09 0.839 0.4324 For magnification factor of 3, SERF outplays ScSR method by an average PSNR gain of 0.43dB, Zeydes [5] method by 0.37dB, ANR [15] by 0.44dB, BPJDL [14] method by 0.23dB and the SPM [7] method by 0.16dB. SERF gives average SSIM value of 0.8352 and it is fastest method compared to existing methods (TABLE III). TABLE III: PSNR AND SSIM VALUE COMPARISON OF SERF METHOD WITH EXISTING METHODS UNDER MAGNIFICATION FACTOR OF 3. EXISTING METHODS PSNR SSIM TIME(s) ScSR [4] 23.69 0.8835 7.27 Zeydes [5] 23.60 0.8765 0.06 ANR [15] 24.32 0.8687 0.02 BPJDL [14] 24.17 0.8890 17.85 SPM [7] 24.63 0.8982 0.74 SERF 29.0775 0.8352 0.23 SERF has few parameters to control the model, and results in easy adaption for training a new model when the experimental settings, zooming factors and databases were changed. The cascaded linear regression algorithm and SERF image super-resolver has been simulated in MATLAB2013a. SERF Image super-resolver achieves better performance with sharper details for magnification factor up to 3. This model reduces the gaps of high-frequency details between the HR image patch and the LR image patch gradually and thus recovers the HR image in a cascaded manner. This cascading process promises the convergence of SERF image super-resolver. This method can also be applied to other heterogeneous image transformation fields such as face sketch photo synthesis. Further this algorithm will be implemented on FPGA by proposing suitable VLSI architectures. REFERENCES [1] W. Freeman, E. Pasztor, and O. Carmichael, Learning low-level vision, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 25-47,2000. [2] J. Sun, N. Zheng, H. Tao, and H. Shum, Image hallucination with primal sketch priors, in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003, pp. 729-736. [3] Q. Wang, X. Tang, and H. Shum, Patch based blind image super resolution, in Proceedings of IEEE international Conference on Computer Vision, 2005, pp. 709-716. [4] J. Yang, J. Wright, T. Huang, and Y. Ma, Image super-resolution via sparse representation, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 19,no. 11, pp. 2861-2873,2010. [5] R. Zeyde, M. Elad, and M. Protter, On single image scale-up using sparse-representations, in Proceedings of Curves and Surfaces, 2012, pp. 711-730. [6] X. Gao, K. Zhang, D. Tao, and X. Li, Joint learning for single-image super-resolution via a coupled constraint, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 469-480, 2012. [7] K. Zhang, X. Gao, D. Tao, and X. Li, Single image super-resolution with multiscale similarity learning, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1648-1659, 2013. [8] G. Freedman and G. Fattal, Image and video upscaling from local selfexamples, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1-10, 2011. [9] K. Zhang, D. Tao, X. Gao, X. Li, and Z. Xiong, Learning multiple linear mappings for efficient single image super-resolution, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 846-861, 2015. [10] K. Kim, D. Kim, and J. Kim, Example-based learning for image super resolution, in Proceedings of Tsinghua-KAIST Joint Workshop Pattern Recognition, 2004, pp. 140-148. [11] K. Zhang, D. Tao, X. Gao, X. Li, and Z. Xiong, Learning multiple linear mappings for efficient single image super-resolution, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 846-861, 2015. [12] M. Yang and Y. Wang, A self-learning approach to single image super resolution, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 498-508, 2013. [13] K. Kim and K. Younghee, Single-image super-resolution using sparse regression and natural image prior, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1127-1133, 2010. [14] H. He and W. Siu, Single image super-resolution using gaussian process regression, in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2011, pp. 449-456. [15] R. Timofte, V. Smet, and L. Gool, Anchored neighborhood regression for fast example-based super-resolution, in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision, 2013, pp. 1920-1927. [16] J. Yang, Z. Lin, and S. Cohen, Fast image super-resolution based on in-place example regression, in Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2013, pp. 1059-1066. [17] C. Dong, C. Loy, K. He, and X. Tang, Learning a deep convolutional network for image super-resolution, in Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision, 2014, pp. 184-199. [18] C. Dong, C. Loy, K. He, and X. Tang, Image super-resolution using deep convolutional networks, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, DOI:10.1109/TPAMI.2015.2439281, 2015. [19] P. Viola and M. Jones, Robust real-time face detection, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 137-154, 2004.